1．不定式符号to
  He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning.他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。
  These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。
必背：常见的带不定式符号to的短语
  be supposed to do应该做某事
  be determined to do决心要做某事
  fail to do未能做某事
  go all out to do全力以赴做某事              
  have the nerve to do有胆量做某事
  have a great mind to do很想做某事
  make a point to do坚持做某事
  make up one's mind to do决定做某事
  take the trouble to do不辞辛苦地做某事
  prepare oneself to do有思想准备做某事

  2．介词to
  If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear.如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。
  You must get used to getting up early.你必须习惯早起。
  Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？

  必背：常见的带介词to的短语
  be used to习惯
  be equal to胜任     
  be given to沉溺于
  be opposed to反对
  be related to与……有关
  devote oneself to献身于
  get down to着手做
  give rise to引起
  lead to导致
  look forward to盼望
  object to反对
  pay attention to注意
  put one's mind to全神贯注于
  stick to坚持第6章 动词的-ing形式

   动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
 
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类

  与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。

  A.动词-ing形式的一般式
  1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
  Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
  Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
  2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
  They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
  She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
  3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
  I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.     我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
  He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。

  B.动词-ing形式的完成式
  动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
  Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
  I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
  注意：
  在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
  I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
  We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )

C.动词-ing形式的被动形式
  动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
  1．一般式的被动形式
  The question being discussed is very important.  正在讨论的问题很重要。
  I can't stand being kept waiting.   我不堪久候。
  2．完成式的被动形式
  I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为球队的教练。
  Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
  D.动词-ing形式的否定形式  
  动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加动词的-ing形式构成。
  His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.      他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
  I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
  Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
  Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.        因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。