第二章 被动语态（二）
三、主动语态变被动语态
中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。
中国人常这样说：I
expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。
英美人常这样说：You
are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。
这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。
A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：
They will discuss the plan at the
meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。
-- The plan will be discussed at the
meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。
In the past the king possessed great
wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。
n In the past great wealth was
possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。
B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：
We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。
-- The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。
-- Some books were given to the
student. 几本书被给了这个学生。
His father bought him a computer last
week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
-- He was bought a computer by his
father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
-- A computer was bought for him by his
father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to,
for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。
They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。
-- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him.
诺贝尔奖被授予给他。
The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。
n Some fish had been caught for us
by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省）
n
C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语：
All the villagers painted the houses
white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。
-- The houses were painted white by all
the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。
They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。
-- We were kept waiting for a long
time. 我们等了很长时间。
We regarded him as the best doctor in
town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。
-- He was regarded as the best doctor
in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。
注意：
有些使役动词和感官动词,如make,
see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。
We heard him say good-bye to his
friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。
n He was heard to say good-bye to
his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。
n
D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句
含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+
be done”构成。
情态动词
cancould
maymight
must
havehad to
willwould
shallshould
ought to
主动形式
cancould do
maymight do
must do
havehad to do
willwould do
shallshould do
ought to do
被动形式
cancould be done
maymight be done
must be done
havehad to be done
willwould be done
shallshould be done
ought to be done
The machine must be operated with care.
这机器必须小心操作。
Such a sentence ought not to be used
here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。
What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。
People had to be reminded of the danger
that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。
E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句
含有“be going to do和 be
to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。
The problem is going to be discussed at
the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。
This new film is to be shown on TV next
week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。
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