3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。
I
returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
He
didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had
been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。
C．将来完成时
1．将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。
Before
long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is
somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you
have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
2.将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall
have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the
time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
Will you
soon have finished laying the table?
你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？
注意：
在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。
When I
have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。
Please
don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请待车停稳了再下车。
②表示推测
You will
have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am
sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
四、完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
A. 现在完成进行时
1．现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时是由“have/has been +现在分词”构成的。
He is
ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.
他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。
Your
eyes are red. Have you been crying?
你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？
What
have you been doing all this time?
这半天你干什么来着？
2．现在完成进行时的用法
①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在
现在完成进行时常和all
this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have
been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
She has
been reciting the words all the morning.
她整个上午都在背单词。
This is
what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
②表示动作刚刚结束
My
clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is
dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作
You've
been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。
He has
been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a
teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
④表达较重的感情色彩
What
have you been doing to my dictionary?
看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！
Time has
been flying so quickly!
时间过得可真快啊！
Too much
has been happening today.
今天可真是个多事的日子。
3． 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较
①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you
been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you
met him recently?
你最近见到过他吗？
②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have
been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have
waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has
been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Who has
eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
B. 过去完成进行时
1.过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时是由“had been +现在分词”构成。
She had
been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they
been expecting the news for some time?
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
Rafael
was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
2.过去完成进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had
been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They
had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
②表示反复的动作
He had
been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had
been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应。
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）
The
doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked
where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句
I had
only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd
only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister
interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
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