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3．有些情况下，动词的-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。
①作定语的-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us
a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give
us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
②-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the
earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the
earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了。
间吗？F．动词的-ing形式作状语
动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
1．表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing
those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。（=
When she saw those pictures...）
Having
made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（=
After we have made full preparation...）
2．表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Not
knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。（=
As I don't know his address...）
Being
ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（=
Since he was ill...）
3．表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His
father died, leaving him a lot of money.
他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（=
... and left him a lot of money）
She was
so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。（=
... and broke it into pieces...）
4．表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Going
straight down the road, you will find the department store.顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。（=
If you go straight down the road...）
Working
hard at your lessons, you will succeed.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。（=
If you work hard at your lessons...）
5．表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing
all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。（=
Although they knew all this...）
Working
hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。（=
Though he worked hard as he did...）
6．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay
on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。（=
...and stared at the sky for a long time）
She came
into the house, carrying a lot of books.她捧着许多书走进了房间。（=
...and carried a lot of books）
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