I. 双重被动结构
双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。
They asked us to discuss the problem at
once.
-- We were asked to discuss the problem
at once.
-- The problem was asked to be
discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动）
She offered to buy a recorder for me.
-- A recorder was offered to be bought
for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动）
The teacher ordered that we should take
the desk away.
-- The desk was ordered to be taken
away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动）
J．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by
Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。
The meeting room was filled with smoke.
会议室里充满了烟。
A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。
The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。
K．不能变为被动语态的结构
1．受动词的限制
①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词，如have,
own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合),
fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。
She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。
He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。
This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。
②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。
Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？
She had a bad cold yesterday, and now
she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。
③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。
Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？
How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解？
I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。
His careless driving cost his
life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。
2．受宾语的限制
①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。
They simply cannot contain themselves
for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。
He absented himself from a meeting
yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。
For years the two sisters looked after
one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。
②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。
I could not believe my eyes when I saw
him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
The doctor shook his head and then went
out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。
注意：
动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。
He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。
-- His eyes were fixed on the oil
painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。
③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。
This kind of dictionary costs ten
dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。
The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。
④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。
He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。
She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。
⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。
He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。
He has decided to go and study
abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
⑥如果enter,
leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态
He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。
She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。
⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take
place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。
The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。
必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组
catch a cold 感冒
eat one's words 食言
lose heart 丧失信心
lose patience 失去耐心
make a face 做鬼脸
make up one's mind 决心
make bed 铺床
make room for 为……腾出地方
keep watch 守望
keep silence 保持安静
speak one's mind 表明见解
take place 发生
take one's time 从容不迫，别着急
take office 就职
take one's leave 请假
take notes 作笔记
take up arms 拿起武器
take one's place 就位
⑧含有would
rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。
I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。
He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。
四、被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
A. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。
The gate to the garden was locked by
the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构）
The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）
The tree was blown down by the high
winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构）
The tree was blown down when we saw it.
我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。（系表结构）
注意：
少数“连系动词be
+ 用作表语的动词-ed形式”也带by短语。
The old man was surrounded by small
children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）
Guilin is surrounded by hills and
mountains. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构）
We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态）
The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构）
|