Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined
segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which
everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the
young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and
important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may
be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect
in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its
original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire
to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;
family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;
systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more
gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct
of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain
values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction
of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on
receives little attention as compared with physical output.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself
as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to
ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,
it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too
evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is
too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our
chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot
help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this
ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate
value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well
believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the
young.
(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad
educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind
of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social
groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly
rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of
association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
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