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While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,
women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are
particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in
response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief
psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones
somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce
more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In
several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the
female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to
those of the males.
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her
increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t
cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr.
Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”
she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that
they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think
that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a
chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men
are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of
interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic
situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend
not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer
relationships can be quite devastating.”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was
determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I
was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and
get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single
mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the
rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses
Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,
with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the
importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health
and your ability to function.
21. Which of the following
is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with
stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced
with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda’s research
suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph
4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.
[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.
[D] trivial and random.
24. The sentence “I lived
from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household
expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following
would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
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